mineral

Carnelian

Carnelian (variety of Chalcedony, SiO2 with iron oxide impurities)

Hardness: 6.5-7 (Mohs scale); Color: Orange, red, brownish-red; Luster: Vitreous/Waxy; Crystal Structure: Hexagonal (Trigonal, microcrystalline); Cleavage: None; Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64

Hardness: 6
Color: Orange, red, brownish-red
Luster: Vitreous/Waxy

Identified April 2, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Hardness: 6.5-7 (Mohs scale); Color: Orange, red, brownish-red; Luster: Vitreous/Waxy; Crystal Structure: Hexagonal (Trigonal, microcrystalline); Cleavage: None; Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64

Formation & geological history

Formed through the percolation of silica-rich groundwater into cavities in volcanic and sedimentary rocks. Its reddish hue comes from the presence of iron oxide impurities during formation.

Uses & applications

Used primarily in jewelry (cabochons, beads), decorative seals, ornamental carvings, and as a popular semi-precious gemstone for collectors and metaphysical practices.

Geological facts

Carnelian was highly prized in ancient civilizations; ancient Egyptians wore it as 'the setting sun' and used it in amulets for protection. It was also used for cylinder seals in Mesopotamia to prevent wax from sticking to the signet.

Field identification & locations

Identify by its translucent to semi-opaque orange-red body color and lack of distinct crystal visible to the naked eye. Commonly found in Brazil, India, Uruguay, and Madagascar.

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