mineral

Hematite

Iron (III) Oxide (Fe2O3)

Hardness: 5.5-6.5 on Mohs scale. Color: Steel-gray to black (metallic) or reddish-brown (earthy). Luster: Metallic to submetallic. Crystal structure: Trigonal/Hexagonal. Cleavage: None. Specific Gravity: 5.26.

Hardness: 5
Color: Steel-gray to black (metallic) or reddish-brown (earthy)
Luster: Metallic to submetallic

Identified March 31, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Formed as a primary mineral in igneous rocks or through hydrothermal activity. Commonly found in banded iron formations (BIFs) dating back over 2.4 billion years, as well as in sedimentary deposits as a weathering product of other iron-bearing minerals.

Uses & applications

Primary ore of iron and steel production. Also used as a pigment (red ochre), polishing compound (jeweler's rouge), and in jewelry/beaded bracelets due to its high luster when polished.

Geological facts

Hematite has a unique characteristic: even though the mineral looks black or silver, it leaves a reddish-brown streak when rubbed on a porcelain plate. It was also discovered on Mars by the Opportunity rover, suggesting liquid water was once present there.

Field identification & locations

Identify in the field by its high density (heavy for its size) and its diagnostic red-to-brown streak test. Found in massive quantities in the Lake Superior region (USA), Brazil, Australia, and China. Collectors look for specularite (micaceous) or botryoidal (kidney ore) habits.