mineral

Carnelian

Carnelian (subset of Chalcedony); SiO2 with Iron Oxide impurities

Hardness: 6.5-7 (Mohs scale); Color: Pale orange to deep reddish-brown; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal structure: Hexagonal/Trigonal (microcrystalline); Cleavage: None (conchoidal fracture); Specific gravity: 2.58–2.64

Hardness: 6
Color: Pale orange to deep reddish-brown
Luster: Vitreous to waxy

Identified March 25, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Formed through the deposition of silica-rich water in volcanic cavities (vugs) or within sedimentary rock formations. Its color is derived from iron oxide (hematite) impurities. It can be found in formations ranging from the Precambrian to more recent volcanic deposits.

Uses & applications

Primarily used as a gemstone in jewelry (cabochons, beads, and rings), seal-stones, and decorative carvings. It is also highly valued in the metaphysical and gemstone collecting communities.

Geological facts

In ancient times, carnelian was used by the Egyptians in protective amulets and by the Romans for signet rings because hot wax does not stick to it. It is one of the oldest gemstones recorded in history, dating back to 4th millennium BC in Bulgaria.

Field identification & locations

Identify by its translucent uniform orange-red color and lack of banding (which would classify it as Agate). It is commonly found in India, Brazil, Uruguay, and Madagascar. Collectors should look for a greasy or waxy feel when polished.

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