mineral
Malachite
Copper carbonate hydroxide, Cu2CO3(OH)2
Hardness: 3.5-4.0 (Mohs); Color: Bright green, dark green, blackish-green; Luster: Adamantine to vitreous, silky if fibrous; Crystal Structure: Monoclinic; Cleavage: Perfect; Specific Gravity: 3.6-4.0
- Hardness
- 3
- Color
- Bright green, dark green, blackish-green
- Luster
- Adamantine to vitreous, silky if fibrous
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Physical properties
Hardness: 3.5-4.0 (Mohs); Color: Bright green, dark green, blackish-green; Luster: Adamantine to vitreous, silky if fibrous; Crystal Structure: Monoclinic; Cleavage: Perfect; Specific Gravity: 3.6-4.0
Formation & geological history
Formed in the oxidation zones of copper deposits where copper-bearing fluids interact with carbonate rocks like limestone. Often found as botryoidal (grape-like) masses or stalactites.
Uses & applications
Primarily used as a gemstone for jewelry, ornamental carvings, and decorative slabs. Historically used as a green pigment in paints until about 1800. Also an ore of copper.
Geological facts
Malachite is famous for its distinct banded patterns. Ancient Egyptians used it for amulets and ground it into eye makeup. The Hermitage Museum contains a famous 'Malachite Room' featuring large decorative pieces.
Field identification & locations
Identified by its vivid green color and distinct light and dark banding. Found globally with major deposits in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Russia (Urals), and Arizona. Note: Malachite dust is toxic if inhaled.
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