sedimentary
Sandstone (Ferruginous)
Arenite (primarily SiO2 with iron oxide cement)
Hardness: 6-7 (Mohs); Color: Brown/tan due to iron oxide staining; Luster: Dull/earthy; Crystal structure: Clastic (sand-sized grains); Cleavage: None; Specific Gravity: 2.2 - 2.8
- Hardness
- 6-7 (Mohs)
- Color
- Brown/tan due to iron oxide staining
- Luster
- Dull/earthy
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Physical properties
Hardness: 6-7 (Mohs); Color: Brown/tan due to iron oxide staining; Luster: Dull/earthy; Crystal structure: Clastic (sand-sized grains); Cleavage: None; Specific Gravity: 2.2 - 2.8
Formation & geological history
Formed through the accumulation and cementation of mineral particles or rock fragments (sand) in marine or terrestrial environments. Most often formed in deserts, riverbeds, or beaches over millions of years.
Uses & applications
Used primarily as a building material, masonry, and for paving. Historically significant for making grindstones and tools. Some varieties are used in decorative landscaping.
Geological facts
Sandstone makes up about 20% to 25% of all sedimentary rocks on Earth. The famous red rock formations in Sedona, Arizona and the Grand Canyon are primarily composed of sandstone layers.
Field identification & locations
Identify in the field by its 'sandpaper' texture and visible small grains. It often feels gritty to the touch and can be found in layered outcrops or as river-worn cobbles.
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