mineral

Yellow Ochre / Limonite

Hydrated Iron(III) Oxide-Hydroxide (FeO(OH)·nH2O)

Hardness: 4.0-5.5 (Mohs); Color: Yellow to brownish-yellow; Luster: Dull or earthy; Crystal Structure: Amorphous or microcrystalline; Streak: Yellowish-brown.

Hardness: 4
Color: Yellow to brownish-yellow
Luster: Dull or earthy

Identified April 6, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Hardness: 4.0-5.5 (Mohs); Color: Yellow to brownish-yellow; Luster: Dull or earthy; Crystal Structure: Amorphous or microcrystalline; Streak: Yellowish-brown.

Formation & geological history

Formed as a secondary mineral through the oxidation and weathering of iron-rich ores like magnetite or pyrite in shallow sedimentary environments or bog deposits.

Uses & applications

Primary source of yellow earth pigments for artists, coloring agent in ceramics, and historically used as an ore of iron.

Geological facts

Ochre is one of the oldest pigments used by humans, naturally found in cave paintings dating back over 30,000 years. It is chemically very similar to rust.

Field identification & locations

Identify by its distinctive yellow-brown 'mustard' color and earthy texture. It often leaves a yellow stain on hands when handled. Found globally in iron-rich soils and weathered rock outcrops.

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