Diamond

Physical Properties

Hardness: 10 (Mohs scale), Color: Colorless (pure) to various shades with impurities, Luster: Adamantine, Crystal Structure: Isometric-hexoctahedral, Cleavage: Perfect octahedral, Specific Gravity: 3.52.

Formation & Geological History

Formed under extreme pressure and high temperature 100-250 kilometers deep in the Earth's mantle, over billions of years, and transported near the surface by kimberlite eruptions.

Uses & Applications

Primarily used in high-end jewelry, industrial cutting, grinding, and drilling tools, and advanced electronics due to thermal conductivity.

Geological Facts

Diamond is the hardest natural substance on Earth. Most diamonds found today are between 1 billion and 3.5 billion years old. Famous specimens include the Hope Diamond and the Cullinan.

Field Identification & Locations

Identified by exceptional hardness (scratches all other materials), high refractive index, and specific thermal conductivity. Typically found in cratons and ancient volcanic pipes.

Identified on: 4/23/2026

Mode: Standard