Carnelian

Physical Properties

Hardness: 6.5-7 (Mohs scale); Color: Orange, reddish-brown, or yellow-orange; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal structure: Hexagonal (trigonal), cryptocrystalline; Cleavage: None; Specific Gravity: 2.58–2.64

Formation & Geological History

Formed through the deposition of silica in gas cavities of volcanic rocks (lava). Its reddish color is due to iron oxide impurities. It can be found in volcanic and sedimentary environments across various geological ages.

Uses & Applications

Predominantly used as a gemstone in jewelry, beads, seals, and talismans. It was historically significant in ancient cultures like Egypt and Rome for signet rings.

Geological Facts

In Ancient Egypt, Carnelian was called 'the setting sun' and was believed to protect the soul on its journey to the afterlife. It was also one of the first stones used in archaeological beadwork dating back to the Neolithic period.

Field Identification & Locations

Identify by its characteristic waxy luster and translucent orange-to-red hue without the banded layers found in agate. Commonly found in Brazil, India, Uruguay, and Madagascar.

Identified on: 4/13/2026

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