Amber (Copal)

Physical Properties

Hardness: 2.0-2.5 on Mohs scale; Color: Yellow-orange to brownish; Luster: Resinous; Crystal structure: Amorphous; Cleavage: None; Specific Gravity: 1.05-1.10

Formation & Geological History

Formed from the fossilization of organic tree resin over millions of years (often Tertiary period). Copal is a younger, sub-fossilized form of amber found in tropical regions.

Uses & Applications

Used primarily in jewelry, decorative arts, and as a source of biological specimens (inclusions). Historically used in incense and traditional medicine.

Geological Facts

Amber is one of the few organic 'gemstones'. It can preserve delicate organisms like insects and plants in incredible detail for millions of years. It is known to generate static electricity when rubbed.

Field Identification & Locations

Identify in the field by its buoyancy (it often floats in salt water but sinks in fresh water) and its warmth to the touch compared to stone. It will emit a resinous pine smell if touched with a hot needle.

Identified on: 4/27/2026

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