mineral

Hematite

Iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3)

Hardness: 5.5–6.5 Mohs scale; Color: Steel-gray to black (when polished), or reddish-brown (raw); Luster: Metallic to sub-metallic; Crystal structure: Trigonal; Specific gravity: 4.9–5.3.

Hardness: 5
Color: Steel-gray to black (when polished), or reddish-brown (raw)
Luster: Metallic to sub-metallic

Identified March 30, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Hardness: 5.5–6.5 Mohs scale; Color: Steel-gray to black (when polished), or reddish-brown (raw); Luster: Metallic to sub-metallic; Crystal structure: Trigonal; Specific gravity: 4.9–5.3.

Formation & geological history

Formed in an aqueous environment through precipitation in sedimentary basins as Banded Iron Formations (BIFs), or by hydrothermal activity and volcanic sublimation. It is common in rocks ranging from the Precambrian Era to modern deposits.

Uses & applications

Primary ore of iron; used in heavy industry for steel production. In jewelry, it is used for beads, intaglios, and polished cabochons. Historically used as a pigment (red ochre) and polishing rouge for glass.

Geological facts

Hematite is notably found on Mars, giving the planet its reddish hue. Despite its metallic gray exterior, the mineral leaves a distinctive blood-red streak when rubbed against a touchstone, hence the name 'Hematite' derived from the Greek word 'haima' (blood).

Field identification & locations

Identify in the field by its high weight/density and the cherry-red streak test. Commonly found in iron mines in the Lake Superior region (USA), Brazil, Australia, and China. Collectors should look for 'specularite' (micaceous) or 'kidney ore' (botryoidal) varieties.