mineral

Carnelian

Carnelian (Cryptocrystalline Quartz, SiO2)

Hardness: 6.5-7 (Mohs scale); Color: Brownish-red to orange; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal structure: Hexagonal/Trigonal; Cleavage: None; Specific gravity: 2.58-2.64

Hardness: 6
Color: Brownish-red to orange
Luster: Vitreous to waxy

Identified June 16, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Hardness: 6.5-7 (Mohs scale); Color: Brownish-red to orange; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal structure: Hexagonal/Trigonal; Cleavage: None; Specific gravity: 2.58-2.64

Formation & geological history

Formed in silica-rich fluids within volcanic and sedimentary rocks. Its characteristic color comes from iron oxide (hematite) impurities. Often found as pebbles in riverbeds or within basalt cavities.

Uses & applications

Primarily used in jewelry (cabochons, beads), decorative carvings, and seal stones. Historically used for signet rings and amulets in ancient civilizations.

Geological facts

Ancient Egyptians called carnelian the 'setting sun' and believed it had protective properties. It was widely used in Roman times for engraved seal rings because hot wax does not stick to it.

Field identification & locations

Identify by its translucent brownish-red color and lack of banding (unlike agate). Common locations include Brazil, India, Germany, and the United States (Oregon/Washington). Collectors look for deep, uniform color and high translucency.

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