mineral

Carnelian

Carnelian (Microcrystalline Quartz, SiO2)

Hardness: 6.5–7 on Mohs scale; Color: Ranges from pale orange to deep reddish-brown; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal Structure: Trigonal (hexagonal) system, though microcrystalline; Cleavage: None (conchoidal fracture); Specific Gravity: 2.59–2.61.

Hardness: 6
Color: Ranges from pale orange to deep reddish-brown
Luster: Vitreous to waxy

Identified March 16, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Formed through the deposition of silica-rich groundwater in the cavities of igneous rocks (primarily basalt and andesite). The red-orange hue is caused by iron oxide (hematite) impurities throughout the cryptocrystalline quartz structure.

Uses & applications

Primarily used in jewelry as cabochons, beads, and carved cameos. It has been used for making seal rings and amulets since ancient times. It also has value as a specimen for rock and mineral collectors.

Geological facts

Carnelian was revered in Ancient Egypt, where it was believed to give people courage and eloquence. It was one of the twelve stones in the Breastplate of Aaron and has been used for wax seals because the wax did not stick to the polished stone.

Field identification & locations

Identify in the field by its distinctive waxy luster and translucency when held to the light. It is commonly found in India (noted for the best quality), Brazil, Uruguay, and Madagascar. Collectors should look for even color saturation without heavy inclusion banding.

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