mineral

Carnelian

Carnelian (SiO2)

Hardness: 6.5-7 on Mohs scale; Color: Red-orange to amber; Luster: Waxy to vitreous; Crystal structure: Hexagonal (trigonal); Cleavage: None; Specific gravity: 2.58-2.64

Hardness: 6
Color: Red-orange to amber
Luster: Waxy to vitreous

Identified May 9, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Hardness: 6.5-7 on Mohs scale; Color: Red-orange to amber; Luster: Waxy to vitreous; Crystal structure: Hexagonal (trigonal); Cleavage: None; Specific gravity: 2.58-2.64

Formation & geological history

Formed as a microcrystalline variety of silica (chalcedony) in solution-filled cavities in igneous rocks, specifically volcanic flows. The iron oxide impurities provide the distinct orange-red color.

Uses & applications

Primarily used in jewelry making (beads, cabochons, and rings), lapidary art, and as a popular specimen for crystal collectors.

Geological facts

Carnelian was used widely in the ancient world for seals and signets because hot wax does not stick to it. It has been used for decorative purposes since the Neolithic age.

Field identification & locations

Identify in the field by its translucent orange-red hue, waxy surface, and lack of visible mineral grains. Commonly found in Brazil, India, Uruguay, and Madagascar.