mineral

Carnelian

Carnelian (SiO2 - Silicon Dioxide with Iron Oxide impurities)

Hardness: 6.5-7 (Mohs scale); Color: Orange, reddish-brown, semi-translucent; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal Structure: Hexagonal/Trigonal (Cryptocrystalline); Cleavage: None; Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64

Hardness: 6
Color: Orange, reddish-brown, semi-translucent
Luster: Vitreous to waxy

Identified March 21, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Formed in low-temperature hydrothermal environments when silica-rich fluids deposit in gas cavities (vesicles) of volcanic rocks. The orange color comes from iron oxide (hematite) impurities throughout the cryptocrystalline quartz structure.

Uses & applications

Primarily used in jewelry for beads, cabochons, and intaglios. Historically used for signet rings and wax seals because hot wax does not stick to it.

Geological facts

Carnelian was believed by ancient Egyptians to provide protection for the soul in the afterlife. It is a birthstone for Leo and has been found in archaeological sites dating back to the Neolithic period (4th-5th millennium BC).

Field identification & locations

Identify by its waxy luster, conchoidal fracture, and translucent depth. Found commonly in Brazil, India, Uruguay, Madagascar, and parts of the USA (Oregon and Washington). Collectors look for vibrant, uniform color and high translucency.

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