mineral

Carnelian

Carnelian (a variety of Chalcedony, SiO2) colored by iron oxide

Hardness: 6.5-7 (Mohs scale); Color: Orange, reddish-brown, brownish-red; Luster: Waxy to Vitreous; Crystal Structure: Trigonal (microcrystalline); Cleavage: None (Conchoidal fracture); Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64

Hardness: 6
Color: Orange, reddish-brown, brownish-red
Luster: Waxy to Vitreous

Identified March 28, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Formed through the deposition of silica from groundwater into cavities of volcanic or sedimentary rocks. The orange hue comes from hematite impurities. It can found in volcanic lavas and as water-worn pebbles in riverbeds.

Uses & applications

Used primarily in jewelry-making (beads, cabochons), carvings, and ornamental lapidary work. Historically used for signet rings and cylinder seals because hot wax does not stick to it.

Geological facts

Carnelian was highly valued in Ancient Egypt, where it was believed to give spirits energy for the afterlife. In Islamic tradition, the Prophet Muhammad was said to have worn a carnelian seal ring.

Field identification & locations

Identify by its waxy luster, translucency, and warm orange heat. In the field, look for a 'glow' when held up to the light. Commonly found in Brazil, India, Uruguay, and along riverbanks/beaches in the Pacific Northwest of the USA.

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