mineral

Carnelian (Banded Agate)

Carnelian Chalcedony (SiO2)

Hardness: 6.5-7 (Mohs scale); Color: Orangish-red to brownish-red with white banding; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal structure: Trigonal/Microcrystalline; Cleavage: None; Specific gravity: 2.58–2.64.

Hardness: 6
Color: Orangish-red to brownish-red with white banding
Luster: Vitreous to waxy

Identified March 25, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Formed in volcanic cavities or sedimentary veins through the deposition of silica-rich groundwater. The reddish color is due to iron oxide impurities. It can be found in formations ranging from recent to millions of years old.

Uses & applications

Commonly used in jewelry (cabochons and beads), ornamental carvings, seals, and historical lapidary art. It is also a popular stone for tumble-polishing and crystal healing collections.

Geological facts

Ancient Romans and Egyptians used carnelian for signet rings and amulets because wax does not stick to it. It is the translucent variety of chalcedony, distinguished from jasper by its clarity when held to light.

Field identification & locations

Identify by its waxy luster, conchoidal fracture, and ability to scratch glass but not quartz. Commonly found in riverbeds or volcanic regions of Brazil, India, Madagascar, and Uruguay. Collectors look for vibrant orange saturation and clear banding.

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