metamorphic
Serpentine
Antigorite / Lizardite / Chrysotile (Mg, Fe, Ni, Al, Zn, Mn)2-3(Si, Al, Fe)2O5(OH)4
Hardness: 3-6 Mohs. Color: Olive green, yellow-green, or brownish. Luster: Waxy to greasy. Crystal structure: Monoclinic. Cleavage: Poor to perfect. Specific gravity: 2.2-2.9.
- Hardness
- 3-6 Mohs
- Color
- Olive green, yellow-green, or brownish
- Luster
- Waxy to greasy
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Physical properties
Hardness: 3-6 Mohs. Color: Olive green, yellow-green, or brownish. Luster: Waxy to greasy. Crystal structure: Monoclinic. Cleavage: Poor to perfect. Specific gravity: 2.2-2.9.
Formation & geological history
Formed through serpentinization, which occurs when ultramafic rocks (like peridotite) from the Earth’s mantle are brought to the surface and hydrated by low-temperature hydrothermal fluids. This typically happens at tectonic plate boundaries.
Uses & applications
Used primarily as decorative stone, architectural facings, and in jewelry (as 'New Jade'). Historically used for asbestos production (chrysotile), though this is now restricted due to health risks.
Geological facts
Serpentine is the official state rock of California. It is often confused with jade but is much softer and has a distinctive waxy feel. Some varieties, like 'Infinite stone,' are popular in metaphysical circles.
Field identification & locations
Identify in the field by its distinctive green 'snakeskin' appearance, waxy luster, and soft texture (can often be scratched by a copper penny or steel knife). Found in mountainous regions like the Alps, Himalayas, and the US West Coast.
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