mineral

Turquoise

Hydrous phosphate of copper and aluminium - CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O

Hardness: 5-6 (Mohs scale); Color: sky-blue to blue-green; Luster: waxy to sub-vitreous; Crystal system: Triclinic (usually crypto-crystalline); Cleavage: Perfect, though rarely seen in massive forms; Specific Gravity: 2.6 – 2.9

Hardness: 5-6 (Mohs scale)
Color: sky-blue to blue-green
Luster: waxy to sub-vitreous

Identified March 13, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Formed as a secondary mineral by the percolation of acidic aqueous solutions during the weathering and oxidation of pre-existing minerals. Usually found in arid environments within altered volcanic rocks or sedimentary environments associated with copper deposits.

Uses & applications

Primarily used as a gemstone for jewelry (cabochons, beads, and inlay work), ornamental carvings, and talismans. It has significant cultural value in Native American and Persian traditions.

Geological facts

Turquoise is one of the oldest known gemstones, mined by the Ancient Egyptians since at least 3000 BCE. Its name comes from the French 'turquois', meaning 'Turkish', as the gemstone first entered Europe through Turkey from Persian mines.

Field identification & locations

Identify in the field by its distinctive robin's-egg blue to greenish-blue color and waxy appearance. It often features a 'matrix' of brown limonite or black manganese oxide. Common locations include the Southwestern USA (Arizona, Nevada), Iran, China, and Egypt. Note: Much commercial 'turquoise' is actually dyed howlite or magnesite.

Other mineral specimens

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Sandstone (with potential mineral staining/concretions)

Arenite (SiO2 based)

sedimentary

Epidote

Epidote | Ca2(Al2,Fe3+)(SiO4)(Si2O7)O(OH)

metamorphic

Nephrite Jade

Nephrite

Mineral/Rock

Banded Gneiss (River Rock/Pebble)

Gneiss (specifically a banded variety often found as a river rock)

Metamorphic Rock

Green Apatite on Albite

Fluorapatite [Ca5(PO4)3F] on Albite [Na(AlSi3O8)]

mineral

Epidote

Epidote - Ca2(Al2,Fe3+)3(SiO4)3(OH)

mineral