Diamond

Physical Properties

Hardness: 10 on Mohs scale; Color: Colorless (varieties occur in yellow, brown, blue, etc.); Luster: Adamantine; Crystal Structure: Isometric-Hexoctahedral; Specific Gravity: 3.51-3.53

Formation & Geological History

Formed under high-pressure, high-temperature conditions in Earth's mantle, approximately 100 miles underground, and brought to the surface by explosive deep-seated volcanic eruptions called kimberlites. Geological ages range from 1 to 3.5 billion years.

Uses & Applications

Primary use in high-end jewelry, industrial cutting tools, abrasives, and high-precision scientific instruments due to extreme hardness.

Geological Facts

Diamonds are the hardest natural substance known on Earth. The name comes from the Greek word 'adamas', meaning unbreakable. Some diamonds have extraterrestrial origins, found in meteorites.

Field Identification & Locations

Identified by its extreme hardness (cannot be scratched by any other mineral), high refractive index (brilliance), and thermal conductivity. Commonly found in South Africa, Russia, Canada, and Australia. Natural diamonds are found in kimberlite pipes or alluvial deposits.

Identified on: 5/1/2026

Mode: Standard