mineral

Malachite

Copper carbonate hydroxide [Cu2CO3(OH)2]

Hardness: 3.5-4 (Mohs); Color: Bright green to dark green with distinctive banding/bullseye patterns; Luster: Adamantine to vitreous or silky; Crystal system: Monoclinic; Cleavage: Perfect; Specific Gravity: 3.6-4.0

Hardness: 3
Luster: Adamantine to vitreous or silky

Identified March 13, 2026More mineral →

Identify your own rocks.

Get a report just like this from any photo, free.

App Store Google Play

Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Formed as a secondary mineral in the oxidation zone of copper ore deposits. It occurs when carbonated water interacts with copper-bearing minerals or when copper solutions interact with limestone. It can be found in botryoidal (grape-like) or fibrous masses.

Uses & applications

Extensively used as an ornamental stone, for lapidary work (cabochons, beads, carved eggs), in jewelry, and historically as a green pigment in painting. It is also a minor ore of copper.

Geological facts

In Ancient Egypt, it was associated with the afterlife and fertility. It is often found associated with Azurite (blue). High-quality malachite often displays 'chatoyancy' where the fibrous structure reflects light like a cat's eye.

Field identification & locations

Identify in the field by its vivid green streak and characteristic concentric banding or 'bullseye' structural rings. Common locations include the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Russia (Ural Mountains), Australia, and Arizona, USA. To collectors, avoid soaking in water as it is a carbonate mineral.