mineral

Carnelian

Carnelian (variety of Chalcedony, SiO2)

Hardness: 6.5-7 Mohs; Color: Orange-red to brownish-red; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal Structure: Trigonal (cryptocrystalline); Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64

Hardness: 6
Color: Orange-red to brownish-red
Luster: Vitreous to waxy

Identified June 3, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Hardness: 6.5-7 Mohs; Color: Orange-red to brownish-red; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal Structure: Trigonal (cryptocrystalline); Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64

Formation & geological history

Formed primarily in volcanic environments through the infiltration of silica-rich fluids into cavities/cavities of volcanic rock. The color comes from iron oxide impurities.

Uses & applications

Extensively used in jewelry (beads, cabochons), carvings, signet rings, and lapidary art. Historically used for making cylinder seals and amulets.

Geological facts

Carnelian was highly prized in ancient Egypt, where it was believed to assist the soul in its journey to the afterlife. It was also used in Roman signet rings because hot wax does not stick to it.

Field identification & locations

Identify by its translucent to semi-opaque orange-red hue and waxy luster. Common locations include Brazil, India, Madagascar, and Uruguay. Generally found as nodules in stream beds or volcanic clusters.