metamorphic
Lapis Lazuli
Complex metamorphic rock consisting mainly of Lazurite (Na,Ca)8(AlSiO4)6(S,Cl,SO4,OH)2, Calcite, and Pyrite
Hardness: 5 to 5.5 (Mohs); Color: Deep celestial blue to violet-blue; Luster: Vitreous to greasy; Crystal structure: Isometric (aggregate); Cleavage: None/Indistinct; Specific Gravity: 2.7 to 2.9
- Hardness
- 5 to 5
- Color
- Deep celestial blue to violet-blue
- Luster
- Vitreous to greasy
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Physical properties
Hardness: 5 to 5.5 (Mohs); Color: Deep celestial blue to violet-blue; Luster: Vitreous to greasy; Crystal structure: Isometric (aggregate); Cleavage: None/Indistinct; Specific Gravity: 2.7 to 2.9
Formation & geological history
Formed through contact metamorphism where crystalline limestones or marbles are altered by hydrothermal activity. Notable deposits date back over 6,000 years, particularly in the Sar-e-Sang mines in Afghanistan.
Uses & applications
Primarily used for jewelry (cabochons and beads), ornamental carvings, and historically as the pigment 'ultramarine'. It is a popular collector's stone and used in lithotherapy.
Geological facts
Lapis lazuli was highly prized by Ancient Egyptians for amulets and the burial mask of Tutankhamun. During the Renaissance, it was ground into the most expensive blue pigment available to painters like Vermeer and Michelangelo.
Field identification & locations
Identify in the field by its intense 'Royal Blue' color and the presence of golden Pyrite inclusions (fools gold) and white Calcite veining. Major locations include Afghanistan, Chile, Russia, and Canada.
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