mineral

Carnelian

Carnelian (Silica, SiO2)

Hardness: 6.5-7 on Mohs scale; Color: brownish-red to orange; Luster: vitreous (glassy) to waxy; Crystal structure: Trigonal (cryptocrystalline chalcedony); Cleavage: none; Specific gravity: 2.59-2.61

Hardness: 6
Color: brownish-red to orange
Luster: vitreous (glassy) to waxy

Identified May 9, 2026More mineral →

Identify your own rocks.

Get a report just like this from any photo, free.

App Store Google Play

Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Formed in the cavities of igneous rocks (basalt) or sedimentary environments through the deposition of silica-rich groundwater. The red color comes from iron oxide (hematite) impurities. Often found as nodules or pebbles in riverbeds.

Uses & applications

Primarily used as a gemstone for jewelry (cabochons, beads, rings) and for decorative carvings, seals, and amulets. Historically significant in ancient cylinder seals and intaglios.

Geological facts

Carnelian is a variety of chalcedony. In ancient Egypt, it was believed to assist the soul's journey into the afterlife and was famously used in the mask of Tutankhamun. It is often heat-treated to enhance its reddish hues.

Field identification & locations

Identify by its translucent brownish-red color and waxy luster. Unlike jasper, it is translucent when held to light. Common locations include Brazil, India, Uruguay, Madagascar, and the US (Oregon/Washington).