mineral

Carnelian

Carnelian (a variety of Chalcedony, SiO2)

Hardness: 6.5–7 (Mohs scale), Color: translucent reddish-orange to brownish-orange, Luster: Vitreous to waxy, Crystal Structure: Trigonal (microcrystalline/cryptocrystalline), Cleavage: None (conchoidal fracture), Specific Gravity: 2.58–2.64

Hardness: 6

Identified March 25, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Formed through the deposition of silica from groundwater into cavities of volcanic rocks (basalts and rhyolites) or sedimentary rocks. The orange color is a result of iron oxide (hematite) impurities. Geological age varies greatly from Recent to ancient Archean formations depending on the source rock.

Uses & applications

Predominantly used as a gemstone for jewelry (cabochons, beads), decorative carvings, intaglios, and wax seals. It is also used as a tumbled stone for collectors and metaphysical practices.

Geological facts

Carnelian was used by ancient Egyptians as a stone of the setting sun and was found in the pectoral of the pharaoh Tutankhamun. It was also widely used in ancient Rome and Greece for signet rings because hot wax does not stick to it.

Field identification & locations

Identify in the field by its waxy luster, translucency (hold to light), and lack of visible crystals. It is commonly found in riverbeds, beaches, and volcanic areas in places like Brazil, India, Madagascar, and the Pacific Northwest (USA).

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