mineral

Malachite

Copper Carbonate Hydroxide [Cu2CO3(OH)2]

Hardness: 3.5-4.0; Color: Bright green to dark green with distinctive banding; Luster: Adamantine to vitreous (silky when fibrous); Crystal System: Monoclinic; Cleavage: Perfect; Specific Gravity: 3.6-4.0

Hardness: 3
Color: Bright green to dark green with distinctive banding
Luster: Adamantine to vitreous (silky when fibrous)

Identified March 14, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Formed as a secondary mineral in the oxidation zones of copper deposits. It often results from the weathering of copper ores in the presence of carbonated water. Found in geological environments ranging from the Precambrian to modern day.

Uses & applications

Used historically as a green pigment in paints. Today, it is primarily used as an ornamental stone, for jewelry (mostly cabochons and beads), and as a minor ore of copper. It is highly valued by mineral collectors for its unique banding patterns.

Geological facts

In Ancient Egypt, malachite was used in cosmetic eye liners and ground into pigments. It is often found associated with Azurite (the blue copper carbonate). High concentrations are found in the legendary 'King Solomon’s Mines' and the Ural Mountains in Russia.

Field identification & locations

Identifiable by its vibrant green color and characteristic concentric light-and-dark green banding. In the field, look for it near copper mines or as crusts on weathering copper sulfide ores. Collectors should avoid water or heat when cleaning, as it is relatively soft and reactive.