metamorphic
Serpentine
Serpentine (Mg,Fe,Ni,Al,Zn,Mn)2-3(Si,Al,Fe)2O5(OH)4
Hardness: 3-6 Mohs. Color: Typically shades of green (lime to dark green) with mottled black or yellow patches. Luster: Waxy, greasy, or silky. Crystal Structure: Monoclinic/Orthorhombic. Cleavage: Poor/basal. Specific Gravity: 2.5-2.6.
- Hardness
- 3-6 Mohs
- Luster
- Waxy, greasy, or silky
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Physical properties
Hardness: 3-6 Mohs. Color: Typically shades of green (lime to dark green) with mottled black or yellow patches. Luster: Waxy, greasy, or silky. Crystal Structure: Monoclinic/Orthorhombic. Cleavage: Poor/basal. Specific Gravity: 2.5-2.6.
Formation & geological history
Formed through serpentinization, which is the low-temperature metamorphic alteration of ultramafic rocks (like peridotite) by hydrothermal fluids, typically at tectonic plate boundaries or oceanic crust settings.
Uses & applications
Used for ornamental carvings, polished decorative stones (palm stones), architectural facades, jewelry (cabochons), and historically as a source of asbestos in some fibrous varieties.
Geological facts
The name comes from its resemblance to the skin of a serpent. It is the official state rock of California and is often mistakenly called 'new jade' or 'Serpentine Jade'.
Field identification & locations
Identify by its characteristic waxy feel, mottled green appearance, and relatively soft surface that can be scratched by a steel blade. Found globally in ophiolite complexes, notably in the USA, Canada, UK, and New Zealand.
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