mineral

Malachite

Copper Carbonate Hydroxide [Cu2CO3(OH)2]

Hardness: 3.5–4 on Mohs scale; Color: Bright green to dark green with distinct banding; Luster: Silky, velvety, or dull; Crystal Structure: Monoclinic; Specific Gravity: 3.6–4.0; Form: Commonly botryoidal (grape-like) or fibrous.

Hardness: 3
Color: Bright green to dark green with distinct banding
Luster: Silky, velvety, or dull

Identified March 18, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Formed in the oxidation zones of copper ore deposits. It occurs as a secondary mineral when carbonated water interacts with copper minerals or when copper solutions react with limestone. It has been formed throughout various geological ages in hydrothermal environments.

Uses & applications

A major ore of copper; used as a decorative stone for jewelry, cabochons, and carvings. Historically used as a pigment in green paints and cosmetics.

Geological facts

Ancient Egyptians used ground malachite as eye makeup and pigment as early as 4000 BC. Large columns of malachite can be seen in the Hermitage Museum and the Cathedral of St. Isaac in St. Petersburg, Russia.

Field identification & locations

Identify by its rich green color, botryoidal texture (as seen in the foreground specimen), and reaction to cold diluted hydrochloric acid (it will effervesce). Commonly found in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Namibia, Russia (Ural Mountains), and Arizona, USA. Collectors look for unique banding or 'velvet' textures.