mineral

Carnelian

Carnelian (Varietal of Chalcedony, SiO2 with Iron Oxide impurities)

Hardness: 6.5–7 (Mohs scale); Color: Translucent reddish-orange to brownish-red; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal structure: Trigonal (microcrystalline); Cleavage: None (conchoidal fracture); Specific gravity: 2.58–2.64

Hardness: 6
Color: Translucent reddish-orange to brownish-red
Luster: Vitreous to waxy

Identified March 15, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Formed through the deposition of silica in cavities of volcanic rocks or sedimentary environments. The orange hue is caused by iron oxide (hematite) impurities. It can be found in deposits ranging from ancient Mesozoic to recent eras.

Uses & applications

Predominantly used as a gemstone for jewelry (cabochons, beads, rings), decorative carvings, wax seals, and in crystal healing practices.

Geological facts

In antiquity, Carnelian was believed to give courage in battle. It was widely used by the Romans and Ancient Egyptians for signet rings and amulets because hot wax does not stick to it.

Field identification & locations

Identify in the field by its waxy luster, translucency when held to light, and lack of visible crystalline structure. Common locations include India (standard of quality), Brazil, Uruguay, Madagascar, and the United States (Washington/Oregon).

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