mineral
Carnelian
Cryptocrystalline Quartz (SiO2)
Hardness: 6.5-7 (Mohs scale), Color: Red-orange to brownish-red, Luster: Vitreous to waxy, Crystal Structure: Trigonal/Microcrystalline, Cleavage: None (conchoidal fracture), Specific Gravity: 2.58–2.64
- Hardness
- 6
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Physical properties
Hardness: 6.5-7 (Mohs scale), Color: Red-orange to brownish-red, Luster: Vitreous to waxy, Crystal Structure: Trigonal/Microcrystalline, Cleavage: None (conchoidal fracture), Specific Gravity: 2.58–2.64
Formation & geological history
Formed in volcanic environments, specifically within cavities and veins of igneous rocks. It develops through the precipitation of silica from groundwater at relatively low temperatures.
Uses & applications
Primarily used as a gemstone for jewelry, decorative carvings, intaglios, and as a healing stone in holistic practices.
Geological facts
Carnelian was highly prized in ancient civilizations; the Romans used it for signet rings because hot wax does not stick to it. It has been used for over 4,500 years.
Field identification & locations
Identify by its translucent, waxy appearance and uniform orange-red color. It is common in India, Brazil, Uruguay, and Madagascar. In the field, look for smooth, ocean or river-tumbled pebbles with a warm glow.
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