mineral

Carnelian

SiO2 (Silicon Dioxide) - Carnelian variety of Chalcedony

Hardness: 6.5-7 (Mohs scale), Color: Reddish-orange to brownish-red, Luster: Vitreous to waxy, Crystal Structure: Trigonal (microcrystalline), Cleavage: None, Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64

Hardness: 6

Identified May 9, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Hardness: 6.5-7 (Mohs scale), Color: Reddish-orange to brownish-red, Luster: Vitreous to waxy, Crystal Structure: Trigonal (microcrystalline), Cleavage: None, Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64

Formation & geological history

Formed through the deposition of silica from groundwater in the cavities of igneous rocks, particularly volcanics. The orange-red color is caused by iron oxide (hematite) impurities.

Uses & applications

Primarily used in jewelry, lapidary arts, and as a collector's gemstone. Historically used for making signet rings and amulets.

Geological facts

In Ancient Egypt, carnelian was known as 'the setting sun' and was believed to have protective properties. It was also one of the first stones used for beads and seals in Mesopotamia.

Field identification & locations

Identified by its waxy luster, translucency, and distinct reddish-orange hue with lack of visible banding (unlike agate). Common locations include India, Brazil, Madagascar, and Uruguay.

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