Carnelian

Physical Properties

Hardness: 6.5-7 (Mohs); Color: Reddish-orange to brownish-red; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Structure: Trigonal/Microcrystalline; Cleavage: None; SG: 2.6-2.7

Formation & Geological History

Formed in low-temperature hydrothermal environments where silica-rich fluids precipitate into cavities in volcanic rocks (geodes or veins).

Uses & Applications

Used primarily in jewelry as cabochons, beads, and carved stones. Also popular as a collector's specimen and in lapidary arts.

Geological Facts

In antiquity, Carnelian was believed to give courage in battle. It was widely used in ancient Rome and Egypt for signet rings and cylinder seals.

Field Identification & Locations

Identify by its waxy luster, translucency, and warm red-orange hue. Commonly found in Brazil, India, Madagascar, and Uruguay.

Identified on: 4/28/2026

Mode: Standard