mineral

Turquoise

Hydrated phosphate of copper and aluminium (CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O)

Hardness: 5-6 (Mohs scale); Color: Sky blue to blue-green; Luster: Waxy to subvitreous; Crystal Structure: Triclinic (usually massive or microcrystalline); Cleavage: Perfect (though rarely seen in massive forms); Specific Gravity: 2.6-2.9.

Hardness: 5-6 (Mohs scale)
Color: Sky blue to blue-green
Luster: Waxy to subvitreous

Identified March 25, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Formed as a secondary mineral by the percolation of acidic aqueous solutions during the weathering and oxidation of pre-existing minerals (copper sulfides and aluminium-bearing rocks). It is predominantly found in arid regions, occurring in veins or crusts within altered volcanic rocks.

Uses & applications

Primarily used in jewelry for cabochons, beads, and inlays. It is also a highly prized mineral for collectors and used in ornamental carvings.

Geological facts

Turquoise is one of the oldest known gemstones, used by Ancient Egyptians as early as 3000 BCE. The name comes from the French 'turquoise' meaning 'Turkish,' as most stones reached Europe via Turkish trade routes.

Field identification & locations

Identify in the field by its unique robin's-egg blue color, waxy luster, and association with copper deposits in dry climates. Common locations include Iran (Nishapur), Southwest USA (Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico), and China.

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