mineral
Carnelian
Carnelian (Silicon Dioxide - SiO2)
Hardness: 6.5-7 (Mohs); Color: translucent orange to reddish-brown; Luster: waxy to vitreous; Crystal system: Trigonal/Microcrystalline; Cleavage: none; Fracture: Conchoidal
- Hardness
- 6
- Color
- translucent orange to reddish-brown
- Luster
- waxy to vitreous
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Physical properties
Hardness: 6.5-7 (Mohs); Color: translucent orange to reddish-brown; Luster: waxy to vitreous; Crystal system: Trigonal/Microcrystalline; Cleavage: none; Fracture: Conchoidal
Formation & geological history
Formed through the deposition of silica from groundwater in volcanic rock cavities or sedimentary environments. The orange hue comes from iron oxide impurities.
Uses & applications
Primarily used in jewelry, cabochons, beads, and as a decorative stone. Historically used for signet rings and seals because hot wax does not stick to it.
Geological facts
In ancient Egypt, carnelian was known as the 'setting sun' and was believed to protect the wearer in the afterlife. It is a variety of chalcedony.
Field identification & locations
Identify by its waxy luster and translucent orange-red glow when held up to light. Commonly found in Brazil, India, Uruguay, and Madagascar.
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