Diamond

Physical Properties

Hardness: 10 Mohs; Color: Colorless to faint yellow/brown; Luster: Adamantine; Crystal structure: Cubic (isometric); Cleavage: Perfect octahedral; Specific gravity: 3.52

Formation & Geological History

Formed deep in the Earth's mantle (150-250 km deep) under extreme high pressure and temperature conditions exceeding 1000 degrees Celsius, then brought to the surface via kimberlite or lamproite volcanic eruptions.

Uses & Applications

Primary use in high-end jewelry (engagement rings) and industrial applications including cutting, grinding, and drilling tools due to extreme hardness.

Geological Facts

Diamond is the hardest naturally occurring substance on Earth. Most natural diamonds are between 1 billion and 3.5 billion years old.

Field Identification & Locations

Identified in the field by its extreme hardness, high refractive index (brilliance), and specific thermal conductivity. Often found in primary deposits (kimberlite pipes) or secondary alluvial deposits in riverbeds.

Identified on: 5/1/2026

Mode: Standard