Diamond

Physical Properties

Hardness: 10 (Mohs scale); Color: colorless (in this specimen), can be yellow, brown, or blue; Luster: Adamantine; Crystal Structure: Isometric-Hexoctahedral; Cleavage: 111 (perfect octahedral); Specific Gravity: 3.52

Formation & Geological History

Formed deep within the Earth's mantle (150-250 km deep) under extreme high pressure and temperature. Transported to the surface via volcanic eruptions in kimberlite or lamproite pipes. Most diamonds are 1 to 3.5 billion years old.

Uses & Applications

Primary use in high-end jewelry (engagement rings, necklaces), and industrial applications including cutting, grinding, and drilling tools due to extreme hardness.

Geological Facts

Diamond is the hardest natural substance on Earth. The name comes from the Greek word 'adamas', meaning unbreakable. Some diamonds are extraterrestrial, found in meteorites.

Field Identification & Locations

Identify by its extreme hardness (scratches all other minerals), high thermal conductivity, and characteristic 'brilliant' luster. Commonly found in secondary alluvial deposits or primary kimberlite pipes in regions like South Africa, Russia, and Canada.

Identified on: 4/16/2026

Mode: Standard