mineral
Carnelian
Carnelian Agate (SiO2)
Hardness: 6.5-7 (Mohs), Color: brownish-red to orange, Luster: waxy to vitreous, Crystal Structure: Trigonal (cryptocrystalline), Cleavage: none, Fracture: conchoidal
- Hardness
- 6
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Physical properties
Hardness: 6.5-7 (Mohs), Color: brownish-red to orange, Luster: waxy to vitreous, Crystal Structure: Trigonal (cryptocrystalline), Cleavage: none, Fracture: conchoidal
Formation & geological history
Formed in volcanic and sedimentary rocks as a result of low-temperature silica-rich fluids filling cavities. The red color comes from iron oxide (hematite) impurities.
Uses & applications
Primarily used for lapidary work, jewelry (beads, cabochons), and as an ornamental stone. Popular in crystal healing and collecting.
Geological facts
Ancient Romans used carnelian for signet rings and wax seals because hot wax does not stick to it. It was also used extensively in ancient Egyptian jewelry.
Field identification & locations
Look for a translucent, waxy stone with a conchoidal (shell-like) fracture. Commonly found in riverbeds, beaches, and desert plains in regions like Brazil, India, and the Pacific Northwest of the USA.
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