mineral

Carnelian

Carnelian (a variety of Chalcedony, SiO2)

Hardness: 6.5–7 on Mohs scale; Color: Red-orange to brownish-red; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal structure: Trigonal (microcrystalline/cryptocrystalline); Cleavage: None; Specific gravity: 2.58–2.64

Hardness: 6
Color: Red-orange to brownish-red
Luster: Vitreous to waxy

Identified March 25, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Formed through the deposition of silica from groundwater in volcanic rock cavities or sedimentary environments. Iron oxide impurities provide the distinct red-orange hue. Its geological age varies by source location.

Uses & applications

Predominantly used as a gemstone for jewelry (beads, cabochons, intaglios), decorative carvings, and as a popular specimen for crystal collectors and beginners.

Geological facts

In ancient times, carnelian was believed to protect the wearer from bad luck and anger. It was widely used in ancient Rome and Egypt for signet rings and amulets because hot wax does not stick to it.

Field identification & locations

Identify in the field by its translucency and uniform reddish-orange color without the distinct banding seen in agate. Commonly found in India, Brazil, Uruguay, and Madagascar. Collectors often find them in riverbeds or gravel deposits.

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