Malachite

Physical Properties

Hardness: 3.5-4.0 on the Mohs scale. Color: Bright green to dark emerald green. Luster: Adamantine to vitreous, silky if fibrous. Crystal structure: Monoclinic, often appearing as botryoidal (rounded) or fibrous masses. Specific gravity: 3.6-4.0.

Formation & Geological History

A secondary mineral formed in the oxidation zones of copper deposits. It results from the weathering of primary copper minerals such as chalcopyrite or bornite, typically found in limestone or other carbonate-rich environments.

Uses & Applications

Used historically as a green pigment in paints. Today, it is primarily used for jewelry, lapidary carvings, ornamental objects, and as a minor ore of copper.

Geological Facts

Ancient Egyptians used malachite for eye makeup and jewelry as early as 4000 BC. Large columns of malachite can be seen in St. Isaac's Cathedral in St. Petersburg. It is often found intergrown with azurite, forming 'Azurmala'.

Field Identification & Locations

Identified by its distinctive bright green color and often silky or fibrous texture. To identify in the field, look for its association with other secondary copper minerals and its effervescence in cold dilute hydrochloric acid. Common locations include DR Congo, Russia (Urals), and Arizona, USA.

Identified on: 5/2/2026

Mode: Standard