Sandstone (specifically Lithic or Quartz Arenite)

Physical Properties

Hardness: 6-7 (Mohs scale); Color: tan, yellow, orange-brown due to iron oxide staining; Luster: dull/earthy; Crystal structure: granular clastic texture; Cleavage: none; Specific Gravity: 2.2-2.8

Formation & Geological History

Formed from the accumulation and lithification of sand-sized mineral grains or rock fragments. Typically deposited in river, desert, or marine environments over millions of years through compaction and cementation by minerals like silica or calcite.

Uses & Applications

Commonly used as a building material, paving stone, in the manufacture of glass, and for decorative masonry. Ground sandstone is also used as an abrasive.

Geological Facts

Sandstone makes up about 20-25% of all sedimentary rocks in the Earth's crust. It is a major reservoir for water (aquifers) and fossil fuels (oil and gas) due to its porosity.

Field Identification & Locations

Identify in the field by its distinctive 'sandpaper' feel and visible grains. Often occurs in layers (bedding). It can be found globally in river beds, canyons, and coastal cliffs.

Identified on: 4/13/2026

Mode: Standard