mineral

Carnelian

Carnelian (SiO2)

Hardness: 6.5-7 Mohs; Color: reddish-orange to brownish-red; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal Structure: Trigonal (microcrystalline); Specific gravity: 2.58-2.64

Hardness: 6
Color: reddish-orange to brownish-red
Luster: Vitreous to waxy

Identified May 9, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Hardness: 6.5-7 Mohs; Color: reddish-orange to brownish-red; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal Structure: Trigonal (microcrystalline); Specific gravity: 2.58-2.64

Formation & geological history

Formed as a cryptocrystalline variety of quartz in silica-rich volcanic or sedimentary environments, often occurring as fillings in cavities of igneous rocks.

Uses & applications

Predominantly used as a gemstone in jewelry, beads, cabochons, seal stones, and ornamental carvings.

Geological facts

Carnelian has been used since the Neolithic era and was highly valued by Ancient Egyptians and Romans for signet rings and amulets because it does not stick to hot wax.

Field identification & locations

Identify by its translucent to semi-opaque orange-red hue and lack of banding (unlike agate). Commonly found in Brazil, India, Madagascar, and Uruguay.