Mineral

Carnelian

Carnelian (Microcrystalline Quartz, SiO2)

Hardness: 6.5-7 on Mohs scale; Color: Translucent orange to reddish-brown (caused by iron oxide); Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal structure: Trigonal/Hexagonal (cryptocrystalline); Cleavage: None (conchoidal fracture); Specific gravity: 2.58–2.64

Hardness: 6
Color: Translucent orange to reddish-brown (caused by iron oxide)
Luster: Vitreous to waxy

Identified March 21, 2026More mineral →

Identify your own rocks.

Get a report just like this from any photo, free.

App Store Google Play

Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Formed from the deposition of silica from groundwater in the cavities of igneous rocks such as basalt and rhyolite. It can be found in sedimentary environments where volcanic rocks have eroded. It does not have a specific 'age' but is found in prehistoric to recent deposits.

Uses & applications

Primarily used as a gemstone for jewelry (cabochons, beads, and cameos) and ornamental carvings. It is also highly valued in the metaphysical and crystal collecting community.

Geological facts

Carnelian has been used for over 4,500 years; ancient Egyptians called it 'the setting sun' and buried their dead with it to help them in the afterlife. It was also used for cylinder seals in Mesopotamia and signet rings in ancient Rome.

Field identification & locations

Identify in the field by its distinct orange translucency, waxy feel, and conchoidal (shell-like) fracture patterns. It is commonly found in India, Brazil, Egypt, Uruguay, and the United States (notably Washington and Oregon). Collectors should look for even color and high translucency.

Other mineral specimens

See all

Sandstone (with potential mineral staining/concretions)

Arenite (SiO2 based)

sedimentary

Epidote

Epidote | Ca2(Al2,Fe3+)(SiO4)(Si2O7)O(OH)

metamorphic

Nephrite Jade

Nephrite

Mineral/Rock

Banded Gneiss (River Rock/Pebble)

Gneiss (specifically a banded variety often found as a river rock)

Metamorphic Rock

Green Apatite on Albite

Fluorapatite [Ca5(PO4)3F] on Albite [Na(AlSi3O8)]

mineral

Epidote

Epidote - Ca2(Al2,Fe3+)3(SiO4)3(OH)

mineral