Rock Identifier
Carnelian (Carnelian (a variety of Chalcedony) - SiO2) — mineral
mineral

Carnelian

Carnelian (a variety of Chalcedony) - SiO2

Hardness: 6.5–7 on Mohs scale; Color: Reddish-brown, orange-red, to translucent amber; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal structure: Trigonal/Microcrystalline; Cleavage: None (conchoidal fracture); Specific Gravity: 2.58–2.64

Hardness
6
Color
Reddish-brown, orange-red, to translucent amber
Luster
Vitreous to waxy
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Physical properties

Hardness: 6.5–7 on Mohs scale; Color: Reddish-brown, orange-red, to translucent amber; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal structure: Trigonal/Microcrystalline; Cleavage: None (conchoidal fracture); Specific Gravity: 2.58–2.64

Formation & geological history

Formed through the deposition of silica from groundwater in the cavities of igneous rocks, particularly volcanic lavas. Its color results from iron oxide (hematite) impurities. It can be found in formations ranging from Mesozoic to recent periods.

Uses & applications

Predominantly used as a gemstone in jewelry (cabochons, beads), for intaglios and cameos, seal stones, and as a popular specimen for crystal healing and mineral collectors.

Geological facts

In ancient times, carnelian was believed to calm anger and was the most widely used gemstone for wax seals in the Roman Empire because hot wax does not stick to it. It has been found in archaeological sites dating back to the 4th millennium BC in the Indus Valley.

Field identification & locations

Identify in the field by its translucent 'honey' or 'blood' coloration and waxy luster when broken. It is a crypto-crystalline variety of quartz. Highly concentrated in Brazil, India, Uruguay, Madagascar, and the western United States.

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