mineral

Carnelian

Carnelian (microcrystalline variety of Quartz, SiO2)

Hardness: 6.5-7 Mohs; Color: Brownish-red, orange, or amber; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal Structure: Trigonal (microcrystalline); Cleavage: None; Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64.

Hardness: 6
Color: Brownish-red, orange, or amber
Luster: Vitreous to waxy

Identified June 22, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Hardness: 6.5-7 Mohs; Color: Brownish-red, orange, or amber; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal Structure: Trigonal (microcrystalline); Cleavage: None; Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64.

Formation & geological history

Formed by the precipitation of silica from groundwater in volcanic cavities (vugs) or sedimentary environments. The red color is caused by iron oxide (hematite) impurities.

Uses & applications

Primarily used in jewelry (beads, cabochons, cameos), decorative carvings, and as a semi-precious collector's gemstone. Historically used for seal stones and amulets.

Geological facts

Carnelian is one of the oldest gemstones used by humans, dating back to the Neolithic period. Ancient Roman and Egyptian civilizations used it extensively for signet rings and religious talismans.

Field identification & locations

Identify by its translucent, waxy appearance and orange-to-red hue. It lacks the distinct banding found in banded agates. Commonly found in India, Brazil, Egypt, and Uruguay.

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Mineral/Rock

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Metamorphic Rock

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mineral