Mineral

Onyx (Black Onyx)

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) - Chalcedony variety

Hardness: 6.5-7 (Mohs scale); Color: Black (often dyed), sometimes with white bands; Luster: Vitreous to silky; Crystal Structure: Hexagonal (Trigonal); Cleavage: None; Specific Gravity: 2.65-2.66

Hardness: 6
Color: Black (often dyed), sometimes with white bands
Luster: Vitreous to silky

Identified April 23, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Hardness: 6.5-7 (Mohs scale); Color: Black (often dyed), sometimes with white bands; Luster: Vitreous to silky; Crystal Structure: Hexagonal (Trigonal); Cleavage: None; Specific Gravity: 2.65-2.66

Formation & geological history

Formed through the deposition of silica in gas cavities (vesicles) in lava, resulting in the distinctive bands found in many specimens. It is predominantly found in volcanic environments.

Uses & applications

Primarily used in jewelry (rings, beads, cameos), ornamental carvings, and historical artifacts since ancient times.

Geological facts

In ancient Rome, onyx was heavily used for seal rings because the wax would not stick to it. Most black onyx sold in jewelry today is actually heat-treated or stained gray chalcedony to ensure a uniform black color.

Field identification & locations

Identify by its waxy luster, lack of cleavage, and smooth conchoidal fracture. In the field, it is often found in Brazil, India, Madagascar, and the US (California/Arizona). Collectors look for natural un-dyed banding.

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Sandstone (with potential mineral staining/concretions)

Arenite (SiO2 based)

sedimentary

Schist

Metamorphic

Epidote

Epidote | Ca2(Al2,Fe3+)(SiO4)(Si2O7)O(OH)

metamorphic

Nephrite Jade

Nephrite

Mineral/Rock

Banded Gneiss (River Rock/Pebble)

Gneiss (specifically a banded variety often found as a river rock)

Metamorphic Rock

Green Apatite on Albite

Fluorapatite [Ca5(PO4)3F] on Albite [Na(AlSi3O8)]

mineral