metamorphic
White Jade (Mutton Fat Jade / Nephrite)
Nephrite (Ca2(Mg,Fe)5Si8O22(OH)2)
Hardness: 6-6.5 on Mohs scale; Color: Creamy white to pale gray; Luster: Waxy to vitreous; Crystal structure: Monoclinic (fibrous interlocking structure); Cleavage: None (highly tough/fracture resistant); Specific Gravity: 2.90-3.03
- Hardness
- 6-6
- Color
- Creamy white to pale gray
- Luster
- Waxy to vitreous
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Physical properties
Hardness: 6-6.5 on Mohs scale; Color: Creamy white to pale gray; Luster: Waxy to vitreous; Crystal structure: Monoclinic (fibrous interlocking structure); Cleavage: None (highly tough/fracture resistant); Specific Gravity: 2.90-3.03
Formation & geological history
Formed through the regional metamorphism of magnesium-rich limestones (dolomites) or ultrabasic rocks. It is found in ancient metamorphic terranes and can vary in age from hundreds of millions to billions of years old.
Uses & applications
Primarily used for ornamental carvings, jewelry (pendants, bangles), and traditional Asian art. Due to its extreme toughness, it was historically used for axe heads and weapons.
Geological facts
In Chinese culture, white ‘Mutton Fat’ Jade is considered the most valuable variety of jade. It is prized for its 'greasy' or oily feel and its symbolic representation of purity and longevity.
Field identification & locations
Identify in the field by its soapy/waxy feel, extreme toughness (it cannot be easily broken with a hammer), and lack of visible crystalline grain. Commonly found in British Columbia, New Zealand, Russia, and China (Hetian). Collectors should look for translucency and lack of inclusions.
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