mineral

Galena

Lead Sulfide (PbS)

Hardness: 2.5–2.75 Mohs. Color: Lead-gray to silver-gray. Luster: Bright metallic on fresh surfaces, can become dull. Crystal structure: Isometric (cubic). Cleavage: Perfect cubic in three directions. Specific gravity: 7.2–7.6 (very heavy).

Hardness: 2
Color: Lead-gray to silver-gray
Luster: Bright metallic on fresh surfaces, can become dull

Identified March 30, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Formed in hydrothermal veins through the precipitation of lead-rich fluids in limestone, dolostone, or other igneous and sedimentary rocks. It is found in deposits ranging from Precambrian to more recent geological eras.

Uses & applications

Primary ore of lead. Used in lead-acid batteries, ammunition, radiation shielding, and historically in glass/paints. It is also an important source of silver, which is often found as an impurity within the galena matrix.

Geological facts

Galena is one of the most abundant and widely distributed sulfide minerals. Historically, it was used as 'kohl' for eye makeup by ancient Egyptians and was a key component in early crystal radio receivers for detecting radio signals.

Field identification & locations

Identify in the field by its extreme weight (density) compared to size, perfect cubic cleavage (it breaks into smaller cubes), and metallic silver luster. Commonly found in Joplin, Missouri (Tri-State district), and mining regions in Mexico and Australia.