mineral

Carnelian

SiO2 (Silicon Dioxide), a variety of Chalcedony

Hardness: 6.5-7 (Mohs scale), Color: translucent reddish-orange to brownish-red, Luster: waxy to vitreous, Crystal Structure: Trigonal (microcrystalline), Cleavage: none (conchoidal fracture), Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64

Hardness: 6

Identified March 14, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Formed in volcanic and sedimentary rocks as a secondary mineral deposit from silica-rich groundwater filling cavities or vesicles; color results from iron oxide impurities (hematite).

Uses & applications

Predominantly used as a gemstone for jewelry (beads, cabochons, rings), ornamental carvings, and historical use in signet rings and wax seals.

Geological facts

In Ancient Egypt, Carnelian was called 'the setting sun' or 'living sun' and was believed to protect the wearer's soul during the journey to the afterlife. It was widely used in Victorian jewelry and is the traditional birthstone for Virgo.

Field identification & locations

Identify by its waxy luster, translucency, and warm orange-red hue. Commonly found in Brazil, India, Uruguay, Madagascar, and the United States (western states). It cannot be scratched by a steel knife.

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Arenite (SiO2 based)

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Mineral/Rock

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Metamorphic Rock

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