mineral

Diamond

Carbon (C)

Hardness: 10 (Mohs scale), Color: Colorless to faint yellow/brown, Luster: Adamantine, Crystal Structure: Isometric-hexoctahedral, Cleavage: Perfect octahedral in four directions, Specific Gravity: 3.51

Identified May 30, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Formed under extreme pressure and high temperature conditions deep within the Earth's mantle, approximately 150 to 200 kilometers below the surface, usually billions of years ago. Transported to the surface by kimberlite and lamproite magma eruptions.

Uses & applications

Extensively used in fine jewelry (engagement rings) and in industry for cutting, grinding, and drilling tools due to extreme hardness. Also used in high-pressure scientific experiments and heat sinks.

Geological facts

Diamonds are the hardest known natural substance. The name comes from the Greek word 'adamas', meaning invincible. Most natural diamonds are between 1 billion and 3.5 billion years old.

Field identification & locations

Identify by extreme hardness (scratches all other materials), high refractive index (brilliance), and thermal conductivity. Commonly found in kimberlite pipes or alluvial deposits in regions like Russia, Botswana, Canada, and Australia. Collectors should use a loupe to check for inclusions and a diamond tester for verification.