mineral

Olivine (Peridot in gem form)

Magnesium Iron Silicate (Mg,Fe)2SiO4

Hardness: 6.5–7 (Mohs); Color: Olive-green, yellow-green, or brownish-green; Luster: Vitreous (glassy); Crystal Structure: Orthorhombic; Cleavage: Poor; Specific Gravity: 3.27–4.37.

Hardness: 6
Color: Olive-green, yellow-green, or brownish-green
Luster: Vitreous (glassy)

Identified February 12, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Hardness: 6.5–7 (Mohs); Color: Olive-green, yellow-green, or brownish-green; Luster: Vitreous (glassy); Crystal Structure: Orthorhombic; Cleavage: Poor; Specific Gravity: 3.27–4.37.

Formation & geological history

Formed in mafic and ultramafic igneous rocks as the first mineral to crystallize from a magma high in magnesium and low in silica. It is a major constituent of the Earth's upper mantle and is often found in basaltic lavas or as xenoliths.

Uses & applications

Used primarily in industrial processes as a refractory material (furnace linings), a flux for steel making, and casting sand. High-quality transparent specimens are used in jewelry as the gemstone Peridot.

Geological facts

Olivine is one of the most common minerals in the Earth, making up a massive percentage of the mantle. It is also found in many meteorites, specifically pallasites, showing its presence throughout our solar system.

Field identification & locations

Identify in the field by its distinct olive-green color and glassy appearance. It is commonly found in volcanic areas like Hawaii, Norway, and Arizona. Collectors look for crystalline clarity and deep green hues.

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