mineral

Malachite

Copper carbonate hydroxide, Cu2CO3(OH)2

Hardness: 3.5-4.0; Color: bright green, dark green, blackish green; Luster: silky, velvety, or dull; Crystal system: monoclinic; Cleavage: perfect in one direction; Specific gravity: 3.6-4.0

Hardness: 3
Color: bright green, dark green, blackish green
Luster: silky, velvety, or dull

Identified April 8, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Hardness: 3.5-4.0; Color: bright green, dark green, blackish green; Luster: silky, velvety, or dull; Crystal system: monoclinic; Cleavage: perfect in one direction; Specific gravity: 3.6-4.0

Formation & geological history

Formed as a secondary mineral in the oxidation zone of copper ore deposits. It occurs when carbonated water interacts with copper minerals or when a copper solution interacts with limestone. Commonly found in botryoidal, fibrous, or stalactitic masses.

Uses & applications

A major ore of copper, though primarily used today as a gemstone for jewelry, ornamental carvings, lapidary work, and pigment for paints.

Geological facts

Malachite is famous for its distinct banded green patterns and was used as a green pigment in paintings from antiquity until about 1800. It is often found associated with blue Azurite.

Field identification & locations

Identify by its characteristic banded light and dark green patterns and botryoidal (grape-like) habit. It reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid by effervescing. Found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Russia, Namibia, and the USA.